Problems of Item Parceling with CFA Tests of Measurement Invariance
نویسندگان
چکیده
Combining items into parcels in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) can improve model estimation and fit. Because adequate model fit is imperative for CFA tests of measurement invariance, parcels have frequently been used. However, the use of parcels as indicators in a CFA model can have detrimental effects on tests of measurement invariance of factor loadings. Using simulated data with a known lack of invariance, models using parcels as indicators erroneously indicated that measurement invariance existed more often than models using items as indicators. Moreover, item-by-item tests of measurement invariance were often more informative than were tests of the entire matrix of factor loadings.
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